12.2. For Nested

  • Loop inside a loop

  • Used to iterate over nested data

  • Iterating List of List

  • Iterating List of Pairs

  • Iterating List of Sequence

  • Iterating List of Dicts

  • Iterating Mixed

12.2.1. Iterating List of List

  • Matrix

  • Suggested variable name: row

>>> DATA = [[1, 2, 3],
...         [4, 5, 6],
...         [7, 8, 9]]
>>>
>>>
>>> total = 0
>>> for row in DATA:
...     for value in row:
...         total += value
>>>
>>> total
45

12.2.2. Iterating List of Pairs

>>> users = [
...     ('Alice', 'Apricot'),
...     ('Bob', 'Blackthorn'),
...     ('Carol', 'Corn'),
... ]
>>>
>>>
>>> for user in users:
...     firstname = user[0]
...     lastname = user[1]
...     print (f'{firstname=}, {lastname=}')
...
firstname='Alice', lastname='Apricot'
firstname='Bob', lastname='Blackthorn'
firstname='Carol', lastname='Corn'

12.2.3. Iterating List of Sequence

>>> DATA = [
...     (5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'setosa'),
...     (5.7, 2.8, 4.1, 1.3, 'versicolor'),
...     (6.3, 2.9, 5.6, 1.8, 'virginica'),
... ]
>>>
>>>
>>> for row in DATA:
...     values = row[0:4]
...     species = row[4]
...     print(f'{species=}, {values=}')
...
species='setosa', values=(5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2)
species='versicolor', values=(5.7, 2.8, 4.1, 1.3)
species='virginica', values=(6.3, 2.9, 5.6, 1.8)

12.2.4. Iterating List of Dicts

>>> DATA = [
...     {'firstname': 'Alice', 'lastname': 'Apricot'},
...     {'firstname': 'Bob', 'lastname': 'Blackthorn'},
...     {'firstname': 'Carol', 'lastname': 'Corn'},
... ]
>>>
>>> for row in DATA:
...     firstname = row['firstname']
...     lastname = row['lastname']
...     print(f'{firstname=}, {lastname=}')
...
firstname='Alice', lastname='Apricot'
firstname='Bob', lastname='Blackthorn'
firstname='Carol', lastname='Corn'

12.2.5. Iterating Mixed

  • DATA = ['Alice', 'Apricot', ('alice@example.com', 'alice@example.edu'), 30]

Let's analyze the following example. We received data as follows:

>>> DATA = ['Alice', 'Apricot', ('alice@example.com', 'alice@example.edu'), 30]

The desired format should be:

Alice
Apricot
alice@example.com
alice@example.edu
30

How to convert DATA to desired format?

>>> DATA = ['Alice', 'Apricot', ('alice@example.com', 'alice@example.edu'), 30]
>>>
>>> for item in DATA:
...     if type(item) in (tuple, list):
...         for x in item:
...             print(x)
...     else:
...         print(item)
Alice
Apricot
alice@example.com
alice@example.edu
30

12.2.6. Convention

  • outer - for outer loop element

  • inner - for inner loop element

  • i - row number

  • j - column number

  • row - row values

  • column - column values

  • x - row values

  • y - column values

  • Note that i may interfere with i used as loop counter

12.2.7. Recap

  • Loop inside a loop

  • Used to iterate over nested data

  • Iterating List of List

  • Iterating List of Pairs

  • Iterating List of Sequence

  • Iterating List of Dicts

  • Iterating Mixed

List of List:

>>> DATA = [[1, 2, 3],
...         [4, 5, 6],
...         [7, 8, 9]]
>>>
>>>
>>> for row in DATA:
...     for value in row:
...         print(value)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

List of Pairs:

>>> users = [
...     ('Alice', 'Apricot'),
...     ('Bob', 'Blackthorn'),
...     ('Carol', 'Corn'),
... ]
>>>
>>> for user in users:
...     firstname = user[0]
...     lastname = user[1]
...     print(f'{firstname=}, {lastname=}')
firstname='Alice', lastname='Apricot'
firstname='Bob', lastname='Blackthorn'
firstname='Carol', lastname='Corn'

List of Sequence:

>>> DATA = [
...     (5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'setosa'),
...     (5.7, 2.8, 4.1, 1.3, 'versicolor'),
...     (6.3, 2.9, 5.6, 1.8, 'virginica'),
... ]
>>>
>>> for row in DATA:
...     values = row[0:4]
...     species = row[4]
...     print(f'{values=}, {species=}')
values=(5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2), species='setosa'
values=(5.7, 2.8, 4.1, 1.3), species='versicolor'
values=(6.3, 2.9, 5.6, 1.8), species='virginica'

List of Dicts:

>>> DATA = [
...     {'firstname': 'Alice', 'lastname': 'Apricot'},
...     {'firstname': 'Bob', 'lastname': 'Blackthorn'},
...     {'firstname': 'Carol', 'lastname': 'Corn'},
... ]
>>>
>>> for row in DATA:
...     firstname = row['firstname']
...     lastname = row['lastname']
...     print(f'{firstname=}, {lastname=}')
firstname='Alice', lastname='Apricot'
firstname='Bob', lastname='Blackthorn'
firstname='Carol', lastname='Corn'

Mixed:

>>> DATA = ['Alice', 'Apricot', ('alice@example.com', 'alice@example.edu'), 30]
>>>
>>> for item in DATA:
...     if type(item) in (tuple, list):
...         for x in item:
...             print(x)
...     else:
...         print(item)
Alice
Apricot
alice@example.com
alice@example.edu
30

12.2.8. Assignments

# %% About
# - Name: For Nested Mean
# - Difficulty: easy
# - Lines: 5
# - Minutes: 5

# %% License
# - Copyright 2025, Matt Harasymczuk <matt@python3.info>
# - This code can be used only for learning by humans
# - This code cannot be used for teaching others
# - This code cannot be used for teaching LLMs and AI algorithms
# - This code cannot be used in commercial or proprietary products
# - This code cannot be distributed in any form
# - This code cannot be changed in any form outside of training course
# - This code cannot have its license changed
# - If you use this code in your product, you must open-source it under GPLv2
# - Exception can be granted only by the author

# %% English
# 1. Calculate mean `sepal_length` value
# 2. Run doctests - all must succeed

# %% Polish
# 1. Wylicz średnią wartość `sepal_length`
# 2. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

# %% Example
# 5.911111111111111

# %% Hints
# - `sum() / len()`

# %% Doctests
"""
>>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert sys.version_info >= (3, 9), \
'Python 3.9+ required'

>>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
'Assign your result to variable `result`'

>>> assert type(result) is float, \
'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be float'

>>> result
5.911111111111111
"""

# %% Run
# - PyCharm: right-click in the editor and `Run Doctest in ...`
# - PyCharm: keyboard shortcut `Control + Shift + F10`
# - Terminal: `python -m doctest -f -v myfile.py`

# %% Imports

# %% Types
result: float

# %% Data
DATA = [
    ('sepal_length', 'sepal_width', 'petal_length', 'petal_width', 'species'),
    (5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9, 'virginica'),
    (5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'setosa'),
    (5.7, 2.8, 4.1, 1.3, 'versicolor'),
    (6.3, 2.9, 5.6, 1.8, 'virginica'),
    (6.4, 3.2, 4.5, 1.5, 'versicolor'),
    (4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2, 'setosa'),
    (7.0, 3.2, 4.7, 1.4, 'versicolor'),
    (7.6, 3.0, 6.6, 2.1, 'virginica'),
    (4.6, 3.1, 1.5, 0.2, 'setosa'),
]

header = DATA[0]
rows = DATA[1:]

# %% Result
result = ...


# %% About
# - Name: For Nested Unique Keys
# - Difficulty: easy
# - Lines: 5
# - Minutes: 5

# %% License
# - Copyright 2025, Matt Harasymczuk <matt@python3.info>
# - This code can be used only for learning by humans
# - This code cannot be used for teaching others
# - This code cannot be used for teaching LLMs and AI algorithms
# - This code cannot be used in commercial or proprietary products
# - This code cannot be distributed in any form
# - This code cannot be changed in any form outside of training course
# - This code cannot have its license changed
# - If you use this code in your product, you must open-source it under GPLv2
# - Exception can be granted only by the author

# %% English
# 1. Collect unique keys from `DATA`
# 2. Result assign to variable `result: list[str]`
# 3. Use `list.append()`
# 4. Run doctests - all must succeed

# %% Polish
# 1. Zbierz unikalne klucze z `DATA`
# 2. Wynik przypisz do zmiennej `result: list[str]`
# 3. Użyj `list.append()`
# 4. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

# %% Example
# ['petal_length', 'petal_width', 'sepal_length', 'sepal_width', 'species']

# %% Hints
# - `dict.keys()`
# - `list.append()`

# %% Doctests
"""
>>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert sys.version_info >= (3, 9), \
'Python 3.9+ required'

>>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
'Assign your result to variable `result`'

>>> assert type(result) is list, \
'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be list'

>>> assert all(type(x) is str for x in result)

>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> result = sorted(result)
>>> pprint(result, width=79, sort_dicts=False)
['petal_length', 'petal_width', 'sepal_length', 'sepal_width', 'species']
"""

# %% Run
# - PyCharm: right-click in the editor and `Run Doctest in ...`
# - PyCharm: keyboard shortcut `Control + Shift + F10`
# - Terminal: `python -m doctest -f -v myfile.py`

# %% Imports

# %% Types
result: list[str]

# %% Data
DATA = [
    {'sepal_length': 5.1, 'sepal_width': 3.5, 'species': 'setosa'},
    {'petal_length': 4.1, 'petal_width': 1.3, 'species': 'versicolor'},
    {'sepal_length': 6.3, 'petal_width': 1.8, 'species': 'virginica'},
    {'sepal_length': 5.0, 'petal_width': 0.2, 'species': 'setosa'},
    {'sepal_width': 2.8, 'petal_length': 4.1, 'species': 'versicolor'},
    {'sepal_width': 2.9, 'petal_width': 1.8, 'species': 'virginica'},
]

# %% Result
result = ...


# %% About
# - Name: For Nested Unique Keys
# - Difficulty: easy
# - Lines: 4
# - Minutes: 3

# %% License
# - Copyright 2025, Matt Harasymczuk <matt@python3.info>
# - This code can be used only for learning by humans
# - This code cannot be used for teaching others
# - This code cannot be used for teaching LLMs and AI algorithms
# - This code cannot be used in commercial or proprietary products
# - This code cannot be distributed in any form
# - This code cannot be changed in any form outside of training course
# - This code cannot have its license changed
# - If you use this code in your product, you must open-source it under GPLv2
# - Exception can be granted only by the author

# %% English
# 1. Collect unique keys from `DATA`
# 2. Result assign to variable `result: set[str]`
# 3. Use `set.add()`
# 4. Run doctests - all must succeed

# %% Polish
# 1. Zbierz unikalne klucze z `DATA`
# 2. Wynik przypisz do zmiennej `result: set[str]`
# 3. Użyj `set.add()`
# 4. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

# %% Example
# {'petal_length', 'petal_width', 'sepal_length', 'sepal_width', 'species'}

# %% Hints
# - `dict.keys()`
# - `set.add()`

# %% Doctests
"""
>>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert sys.version_info >= (3, 9), \
'Python 3.9+ required'

>>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
'Assign your result to variable `result`'

>>> assert type(result) is set, \
'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be set'

>>> assert all(type(x) is str for x in result)

>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> result = sorted(result)
>>> pprint(result, width=79, sort_dicts=False)
['petal_length', 'petal_width', 'sepal_length', 'sepal_width', 'species']
"""

# %% Run
# - PyCharm: right-click in the editor and `Run Doctest in ...`
# - PyCharm: keyboard shortcut `Control + Shift + F10`
# - Terminal: `python -m doctest -f -v myfile.py`

# %% Imports

# %% Types
result: set[str]

# %% Data
DATA = [
    {'sepal_length': 5.1, 'sepal_width': 3.5, 'species': 'setosa'},
    {'petal_length': 4.1, 'petal_width': 1.3, 'species': 'versicolor'},
    {'sepal_length': 6.3, 'petal_width': 1.8, 'species': 'virginica'},
    {'sepal_length': 5.0, 'petal_width': 0.2, 'species': 'setosa'},
    {'sepal_width': 2.8, 'petal_length': 4.1, 'species': 'versicolor'},
    {'sepal_width': 2.9, 'petal_width': 1.8, 'species': 'virginica'},
]

# %% Result
result = ...


# %% About
# - Name: For Nested Unique Keys
# - Difficulty: easy
# - Lines: 3
# - Minutes: 3

# %% License
# - Copyright 2025, Matt Harasymczuk <matt@python3.info>
# - This code can be used only for learning by humans
# - This code cannot be used for teaching others
# - This code cannot be used for teaching LLMs and AI algorithms
# - This code cannot be used in commercial or proprietary products
# - This code cannot be distributed in any form
# - This code cannot be changed in any form outside of training course
# - This code cannot have its license changed
# - If you use this code in your product, you must open-source it under GPLv2
# - Exception can be granted only by the author

# %% English
# 1. Collect unique keys from `DATA`
# 2. Result assign to variable `result: set[str]`
# 3. Use `set.update()`
# 4. Run doctests - all must succeed

# %% Polish
# 1. Zbierz unikalne klucze z `DATA`
# 2. Wynik przypisz do zmiennej `result: set[str]`
# 3. Użyj `set.update()`
# 4. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

# %% Example
# >>> result
# {'age', 'firstname', 'lastname'}

# %% Hints
# - `dict.keys()`
# - `set.update()`

# %% Doctests
"""
>>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert sys.version_info >= (3, 9), \
'Python 3.9+ required'

>>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
'Assign your result to variable `result`'

>>> assert type(result) is set, \
'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be set'

>>> assert all(type(x) is str for x in result)

>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> result = sorted(result)
>>> pprint(result, width=79, sort_dicts=False)
['age', 'firstname', 'lastname']
"""

# %% Run
# - PyCharm: right-click in the editor and `Run Doctest in ...`
# - PyCharm: keyboard shortcut `Control + Shift + F10`
# - Terminal: `python -m doctest -f -v myfile.py`

# %% Imports

# %% Types
result: set[str]

# %% Data
DATA = [
    {'firstname': 'Alice', 'lastname': 'Apricot'},
    {'firstname': 'Bob', 'age': 31},
    {'lastname': 'Corn', 'firstname': 'Carol'},
    {'lastname': 'Durian', 'age': 33},
    {'age': 34, 'firstname': 'Eve'},
    {'age': 15, 'lastname': 'Mallory', },
]

# %% Result
result = ...